As a PhD candidate in theoretical economics with a keen interest in national development, I joined a diverse group of 20 international students from Peking University for the Deep Dive Program, a week-long study tour aimed at fostering mutual understanding and cultural exchange. Our group, representing countries across Asia, Africa, the Middle East, North and Latin America, embarked on this journey in early August 2025 not just to witness Xinjiang's landscapes, but to experience the socio-economic heartbeat of one of China’s most debated yet dynamic regions.

Our visit unfolded across multiple cities, from the oil-rich plains of Karamay and the technology-driven region of Tacheng to the vibrant alleys of Urumqi. In Karamay, a city known as the third largest contributor in terms of per capita GDP of China, I was particularly struck by the scale and sophistication of resource extraction and local industrial planning. The Black Oil Mountain area, dotted with actively operating wells, symbolized China's capability to harness its natural wealth strategically. From an economic perspective, the city exemplifies effective integration of resource-based industries into regional development models, supported by strong infrastructure, sustained GDP growth, and advanced urban amenities, offering a tangible case of successful development within an efficient governance model.

One of the most visually striking parts of our journey was the visit to Devil City, also known as Ghost City, near Karamay.This unique geological site is believed to have been a lush wetland millions of years ago, later transformed into a barren desert by shifting climatic patterns. Wind erosion over time sculpted the landscape into fantastical shapes resembling animals, people, and mythological creatures earning it the nickname "Ghost City." The site has become a growing tourist attraction, complete with desert jeeps, camel rides, local performers, and souvenir shops, creating a small but vibrant tourism economy. Devil City is a powerful example of how Xinjiang is using its natural heritage to foster eco-tourism, drawing both domestic and international visitors while preserving its unique geological history.

The key pilot zone in Tacheng impressed me with its port exhibition and regional trade initiatives. As an aspiring economist, what stood out to me was the use of strategic positioning of Tacheng as a key trade and logistics hub. Its proximity to Central Asian borders —particularly Kazakhstan— combined with robust infrastructural planning, shows how Xinjiang is leveraging its geographical location as China’s western gateway, aligning closely with the broader Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) vision. The policies in place appear to prioritize connectivity, cross-border trade facilitation through digitization, and local industrial development. Such economic nodes have the potential to uplift peripheral economies, integrate ethnic minorities into national markets, and reduce regional inequalities.

Xinjiang’s development experience isn’t confined to oil rigs and trade corridors only. One of the most memorable parts of our journey was the visit to local neighborhoods like the Huertuobie Village in Asher Township. The beauty of the local homes nestled among fruit trees, vegetable gardens, and handmade crafts reflected a unique dimension of socio-economic life — one rooted in tradition, sustainability, and tourism. The villagers welcomed us with warm hospitality, offering local delicacies and performing traditional music and dance.

What moved me most were the children, whose smiles and genuine affection transcended language and spoke of the peace and satisfaction of the inhabitants coming from diverse ethnicities. Such community-based tourism sustains cultural heritage and contributes meaningfully to local livelihoods, hinting at the possibilities of a diversified rural economy.

Muhammad Awais poses for a photo with some other members of the Deep Dive Program, launched by Peking University, in northwest China’s Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region.

The visit to the local art and literature museums provided insights into the intellectual depth and cultural pride of the region. A collection of musical instruments such as the accordion, from diverse areas and eras, along with award- winning oil paintings depicting the indigenous features of rural life in Xinjiang and neighboring regions, was heart- touching, and left indelible imprints on our memories. Dedicated rooms celebrated major literary figures whose works highlighted the confluence of different ethnic traditions. This reinforced my belief that economic development cannot be separated from cultural continuity. A people-centered approach to development, one that respects local knowledge systems, languages, and forms of expression, is critical for inclusive growth.

A falsely propagated myth was also dispelled during my time in Urumqi. There is often external propaganda claiming that mosques in Xinjiang are shut down and that Muslims cannot practice their faith. As a Muslim myself, I visited a mosque adjacent to the Xinjiang International Grand Bazaar and found it open and active. I entered, spoke with locals, and confirmed that prayers are held five times a day without any restrictions. This direct observation challenged preconceived narratives and reminded me how on-the-ground reality can differ from distant perceptions. Urumqi itself left a lasting impression as a bustling metropolis with both modern infrastructure and historical soul.

The international Grand Bazaar teemed with colors, flavors, and languages, encapsulating the multicultural fabric of the region thriving in harmony. The presence of international tourists and diverse ethnic communities — including Kazaks and Uygurs, as well as Han and Hui — reflects the pluralism that is not always captured in mainstream discourse.

Xinjiang, as I observed, is not a monolith but a mosaic of economic pathways, cultural resilience, and policy experimentation. While challenges undoubtedly exist particularly in managing ethnic diversity and ensuring equitable benefits from development, what I witnessed was a region in motion. Its strategic geographic location, natural resource base, policy focus, and human capital make it a vital frontier in China’s long-term national development strategy. As someone who has worked in administrative and development roles back in Pakistan, I couldn’t help but compare. The scale of state support, integration of cultural identity with development policy, and the use of modern tools to drive local economies offer valuable lessons. There is a visible attempt to balance national unity with regional uniqueness, economic progress with environmental sustainability, and tradition with transformation. This journey to Xinjiang was not just an academic or touristic exercise, it was a reorientation of understanding. It reminded me that economics is not just about models and metrics, but about people, perceptions, and possibilities.

Muhammad Awais is a Pakistani PhD candidate in Theoretical Economics (National Development), ISSCAD, Peking University.

Producer: Xiao Chunfei

Supervisors: Ding Tao and Jie Wenjin

Planners: Jie Wenjin and Cheng Li

Reviewers: Cheng Li and Hou Weili

Editor: Gvlzar Mijit